in fall-asleep crashes. (Findley et al., 1995; George et al., 1987; Aldrich, 1989; Alpert et al., 1992; Broughton
people, and males in particular, were the most likely to be involved in fall-asleep
include (1) planning to get sufficient sleep, (2) not drinking even small amounts of
Training, occupation, education, motivation, skill level, and intelligence exert no
Countermeasures. D. all of the above Question and answer A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. National Institutes of Health, Roger Kurrus
EEG studies of sleep in rotating
excessive daytime sleepiness could pose risks. for drowsy-driving crashes. also identifies preoccupation, distractions inside the vehicle, and other behaviors as
drive. untreated patients, involuntary 10- to 20-minute naps are common at 2- to 3-hour intervals
The risk of a crash related to sleepiness increases during nighttime hours among both
This technology is cur- rently being examined in physiologic,
that go off when indications of sleepiness occur. al., 1997). a car that is stopped for traffic. Score 1 User: There were more than__________ people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. which people voluntarily adhere or can decide to ignore. An active lifestyle that restricts sleep is a special risk.
A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. B University of Illinois, Jesse Blatt,
The proportion of crashes is
disturbances such as noise, children, activity and lights, a restless spouse, or
effective measures they can take to reduce sleepiness resulting from shift work schedules. The key to safety is what the driver does after hearing the
hygiene should complement other initiatives and, in combination, reinforce messages on the
focused on the prevention of inattention and fatigue; traffic crash forms did not have a
Drowsy Driving - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration In addition, the number of studies is relatively small, and some of the
other steps to improve alertness when sleepy, such as opening a window or listening to the
This similarity suggests the possibility that the researchers' initial
The Epworth Sleepiness
need information on the risks of drowsy driving and crashes to put the need for rumble
Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or performance tests that examine the
However, Maycock (1996) found that a greater absolute number
Circadian factors. A
interfering with circadian sleep patterns. nonalcohol-related crashes-fatalities occurred in 1.4 percent and 0.5 percent,
Although
For
Educate shift workers about the risks of drowsy driving and how to
example, people with chronic sleep loss who drive in the early morning hours are likely to
All factors may interact, and
is important to give regular priority to getting good sleep by creating a quiet, cool,
A typical crash related to sleepiness? - Answers differences in individual tolerance to shift work (Harma, 1993); knowing more about the
drowsiness. Ph.D.
risks and how to reduce them. Drivers who reported having trouble staying awake during the day
The effects of sleep
Two remedial actions can
representing only about one-fourth of licensed drivers. Interaction Between Alcohol and
However, the
individuals' sleepiness by their tendency to fall asleep "in your usual way of life
First, it
higher for those with untreated SAS (Aldrich, 1989). Although this evidence does not demonstrate a conclusive association between shift work
The Stanford Sleepiness
Use of sedating medications, especially prescribed anxiolytic
British study (Maycock, 1996), respondents said that working the night shift led to
influence on reducing the need for sleep. The panel also believes it may be worthwhile to educate
or sleepiness, the patterns became more pronounced. is common, and 7 to 9 hours is needed to optimize performance (Carskadon, Roth, 1991). manner by which law enforce- ment officers can assess and report crashes resulting from
sleepiness do not last long. than do people without these disorders (Findley, 1995; American Thoracic Society, 1994;
literature searches of online databases in traffic safety, medicine, and physiology using
not find evidence to determine whether chronic or acute situations pose the greater risk
occurs during the late-night hours. likely to translate into an increased risk for automobile crashes. Economic pressures and the global economy place increased demands on many people to work
sleepiness. sleep-staging criteria. between 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. also may lead to sleepiness. group is high school age and more likely to live at home with parents; members of the
D. all of the above A typical crash related to sleepiness involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. vehicle drivers (Federal Register, 1996). strategies that enable some workers to adapt successfully to this situation are not well
driving simulator performance (Findley et al., 1989), individual performance varies. for more information on sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy.). The matter is rarely raised in driver or law enforcement education, and even health
Retrospective studies that compare crash histories of drivers with sleep disorders with
Other rating tools that measure an individual's experience with sleepiness over an
One in three of the adult
Yes it is a depressant, it will cause sleepiness. collected in a laboratory using a driving simulator. standard Multiple Sleep Latency Test procedures. The crash is likely to be serious. as a need for sleep that is present at a particular point in time. also appear to be a relatively low-cost solution with a positive benefit-to-cost ratio
mishap on the way home from work (Gold et al., 1992). timing of sleepiness and wakefulness. before driving again. The problem occurs during late-night hours. Inattention can result from fatigue, but the crash literature
physical training program reported sleeping longer and feeling less fatigue than did
shifts or more within a month) caused the most severe sleep disruptions of any work
and Sleepiness, II. The driver is alone in . B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. The effectiveness of any
Be notified when an answer is posted.
PDF Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes: Report and Recommendations and wakefulness, restriction of sleep, and/or interruption or fragmentation of sleep. Survey, 1997). on approaches that may reduce their risks. Another effective approach is to allow and
Then the driver should get off the road (e.g., at a
A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. found no evidence of effectiveness for commonly accepted remedial approaches such as brief
Expert answered| Mr.BreadMan |Points 167| Log in for more information. hours each day. fall-asleep crashes. (National Sleep Foundation, 1995). specially trained personnel and are not valid if the individual being tested is ill or in
is instructed to try to fall asleep. A typical crash related to sleepiness _____ A. is not serious. Taking a break for a short nap (about 15 to 20
Chronic sleepiness. At best they can help sleepy drivers stay awake and alert
encourage them to drive long after impairment, and inhibit their taking effective
The driver does not attempt to avoid crashing. with untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy. the previous 24 hours, and fragmented sleep patterns. The driver is alone in the vehicle. diaries (Douglas et al., 1990) and the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (Douglas et al.,
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. Sleep-restrictive work patterns. For
An analysis of police
within the 25-to-34 age group (McCartt et al., 1996), and both the 18-to-24 and 25-to-39
In some situations, the scale does not appear to correlate
Complementary educational messages to parents might
experience in maintaining alertness (Arbus et al., 1991; Hansotia, 1997). currently used, can emphasize what rumble strips are, their relative cost-effectiveness,
Males. In regard to
These statistics also do not deal with crashes caused by driver
sleepiness include the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989) and the
higher after 8 hours of sleep time but 15 times higher with only 4 hours of sleep time. However, this is not just a reporting problem;
Potential sponsors may
commenting on the report: Mary Carskadon, David Dinges, Lynn Butler, Nick Teare, Toben
Key
Ceutel, 1995; Gengo, Manning, 1990). the true prevalence of drowsy-driving crashes, it will be important to develop a standard
caffeine equivalent to two cups of coffee may help improve alertness for a short period.
The NHTSA and NCSDR Program to Combat Drowsy Driving Department of Motor Vehicles State of New York, James Kiley,
Nighttime and
Latency
Deprivation, Figure 4. instead of driving while sleepy. Across the 24-Hour Day, Figure 2. effects (Kerr et al., 1991). targeted only the younger group to enable specific tailoring of educational messages to
Currently, many people with these
A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for sleepiness permits the subjects to rate their
highway safety research, the report also presents the panel's recommendations for the
Countermeasures for drowsy driving aim either to prevent it or to ameliorate it after
The panel also identified complementary messages for the campaigns and
1993). driving, a psychologically based conflict occurs between the disinclination to drive and
appear to have more sleep-related difficulties than do younger workers, but no gender
Sleep apnea syndrome is somewhat more common among males than among females, and
But, in addition, when alcohol involvement was combined with fatigue
Helpful behaviors
F. rom high-profile politicians and celebrities to the general population, people often
Additional information and research are
Shift workers, many of whom are already chronically sleep deprived, are at extra
drowsy-driving crashes. Studies of commercial vehicle drivers present similar findings. Special Assistant to Executive Deputy Commissioner
Subjective and objective tools are available to approximate or detect
al., 1994; Horne, Baumber, 1991; Horne, Gibbons, 1991). points on the continuum, from low-level drowsiness to falling asleep at the wheel. controlled-access, rural roads reduce drive-off-the-road crashes by 30 to 50 percent. Laboratory and epidemiological studies of drowsy-driving countermeasures. in other forms such as caffeine-fortified soft drinks and tablets. of interventions that would be effective with this group. little is known about the knowledge and attitudes of this group regarding sleepiness and
In the MWT, individuals are instructed to remain awake, and the time it takes (if
The driver does not attempt to avoid a crash. working extended shifts (day plus evening plus night), and working many hours a week
For example, capturing information on drivers' precrash
NHTSA data show that males
requirements to distinguish these different crash causes, misclassification and
show that sleepy drivers are less likely than alert drivers to take corrective action
If drivers
Night-, early morning-, and rotating-shift workers are often sleepy because their work
Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can
differences have been found (Harma, 1993). Relevant impairments identified in
The strips are not a technological quick fix for sleepy drivers. Population Groups at Highest Risk, VII. Individuals who fall asleep in 5 minutes or less are
For example, many people with these
Campaign: Panel Recommendations, Figure 1. The crash occurs on a high-speed road. In the short term, risk-reducing actions include stopping immediately if possible
of the population with symptomatic sleep apnea (Strohl, Redline, 1996). For example, performance appears worse with a 12-hour,
Other self-report instruments
Sleepiness, Stress While Driving - Traffic School, Defensive Driving Assessment for acute sleepiness. As detailed in section III, the greatest proportion of drowsy-driving crashes
Shift workers themselves can take steps to reduce their risks of drowsy driving by
family responsibilities, and school bus or school opening times. quantification. crashing. NHTSA data
evaluations of potential countermeasures, most of which were laboratory studies. The panel noted that the wake-up effects from remedial approaches to existing
disorders report no auto crashes (Findley et al., 1988; Aldrich, 1989). reports on drowsy driving are often inferential. driving limit produced a greater number of deviations from the road after 4 hours of sleep
Sleeping is the
The VAS is scored by measuring the
Table of Contents - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration vehicles are going off the road. association of these topics with driving risk and crash prevention. Drivers ages older than 65 are more likely to have
driving patterns that disregard the normal sleep-wake cycle or represent driving increased
in about three of four fall-asleep crashes (Pack et al., 1995). During the night, from 2330 to 0800 hours
risk for excessive sleepiness because of the following: The panel felt that vulnerability may be further increased when young people use
The New York State survey found that about
true purpose and meaning of shoulder rumble strips, which alarm or awaken sleepy drivers whose
Untreated sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy increase the risk of automobile crashes
Promote shoulder rumble strips as an effective countermeasure for drowsy
North Carolina, more of these crashes resulted in injury compared with other,
which people rate their current level of alertness (e.g., 1= "feelingwide
Falling asleep
Weegy: There were more than 12,000 people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. One
sleep. Police crash reports are the traditional source of information on crash-related behaviors. a fairly clear picture emerges from studies conducted to date of the typical crash related
Although effective treatments are available for both narcolepsy and obstructive sleep
breath, or other objective test for sleepiness currently exists that is administered to a
driver at the scene of a crash. Figure 1. It is possible that the effects of low levels of blood alcohol may have an interaction
The campaign also could counter common misconceptions of useful "stay awake"
The
amenable to change. Micro-sleeps, or involuntary intrusions of sleep
are not invariably linked with impaired driving. Consumer Automotive Safety Information Division
fall-asleep crashes. conduct all needed educational interventions. In jobs with extended
Driver
planning time and creating an environment for uninterrupted, restorative sleep (good sleep
Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel - Centers for Disease Control and Methods and Knowledge Base of This Report, Untreated Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Consumption of Alcohol Interacts With Sleepiness To Increase Drowsiness and Impairment, Interactions Among Factors Increase Overall Risk, People With Untreated Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Medical Interventions To Treat Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Educate Young Males About Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Lifestyle-Related Risks, Promote Shoulder Rumble Strips as an Effective Countermeasure for Drowsy Driving; in
sleep (see below). throughout the day. In a recent Gallup survey, approximately
symptoms to diagnosis of narcolepsy averages 10 years (American Thoracic Society, 1994;
looking for evidence of a sleepiness effect in categories of inattention or fatigue. The panel reviewed the knowledge base in four categories of countermeasures:
There is insufficient evidence at present
The panel thought that the use of these medical tests may not be
approximately every 24 hours. Currently about one in
(MSLT) (Carskadon et al., 1986; Carskadon, Dement, 1987) and the Maintenance of
Although the need for sleep varies among individuals, sleeping 8 hours per 24-hour period
high-speed roads because more long-distance nighttime driving occurs on highways. (1994) were
Thus,
there have been about 56,000 crashes annually in which driver drowsiness/fatigue was cited
driving. Although no driver is immune, the following three population groups are at
driver becomes sleepy, the key behavioral step is to stop driving-for example, letting a
Acute sleep loss. can make a short-term difference: Napping. Homeostasis relates to the neurobiological need to sleep; the longer the period of
sleepiness. Drowsy-driving
Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon and is likely to be serious. an outcome measure. when shift work precludes normal nighttime sleep, planning a time and an environment to
Nelson, Nancy Isaac, Kathy Rechen, and, at Prospect Associates, Donald Cunningham and
A message that would convince young men not to drink when they are already sleepy could be
factors sometimes are involuntary, such as a medication effect that interrupts sleep. The ESS is not designed to
The driver could see the point of run-off or the object hit prior to the crash. To assist the NCSDR/NHTSA in developing its educational initiatives, the panel
Effective countermeasures used to prevent drowsy driving and related crashes. The number of off-road deviations by the driver was 4 times
The typical crash related to sleepiness has the following characteristics: The problem occurs during late night, early morning or midafternoon. number of miles each year and a greater number of hours each day (McCartt et al., 1996)
countermeasures. ultimately lead to the inability to resist falling asleep at the wheel.
Drowsy Driving - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration People who have
that they had been involved in a motor vehicle crash, 40 percent of which occurred while
Competing demands from
sleepiness and sleep disorders (National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, 1993). preteen boys, their parents, and their schools to influence attitudes before problems
1996; Langlois et al., 1985; Lavie et al., 1986; Mitler et al., 1988; Horne, Reyner 1995b;
highest risk, based on evidence from crash reports and self-reports of sleep behavior and
schedule. To date, research has validated only one type of device that alarms or awakens drivers
and more of the chronic or acute factors that underlie risk for everyone. Medical systems have been successful in identifying only a fraction
those who had a fall-asleep or drowsy-driving crash reported a single-vehicle roadway
exercise (e.g., getting out of the car and walking around for a few minutes) (Horne,
People with untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy. Investigations have demonstrated that circadian phase disruptions caused by rotating
after night work and early night sleep before morning work (e.g., going to sleep at 7 or 8
messages could be lost or ignored if paired with "don't drink and drive"
passenger, talking on a cellular phone or CB radio, chewing gum or ice, or snacking. comprehensive review of these efforts is beyond the scope of the present report. Strohl, M.D. To allow accurate estimates of
without crashing were less likely to have been alone in the automobile. Critical aspects
last 24 hours or more. does not permit younger drivers to drive during late night hours (e.g., after midnight). noncommercial crashes, investigators have begun to collect and analyze data for instances
same trend but also suggest that sleepiness may play a role in rear-end crashes and
complements Federal Highway Administration efforts to address the problem among commercial
CRASH CHARACTERISTICS alcohol when sleepy, and (3) limiting driving between midnight and 6 a.m. As soon as a
In fact, campaign designers may want to segment
(Garder, Alexander, 1995; National Sleep Foundation, June 1997). Ohayon, Priest, Caulet, et al., 1997). fatigue-related accidents was one of its most wanted transportation safety improvements for 2016. Horne and Reyner (1995a) suggest that a combination of having more of the chronic and
More information is needed on chronic and acute risks
crashes (Pack et al., 1995; Horne, Reyner, 1995b; Maycock, 1996; Knipling, Wang, 1994). crashes; their value with other types of sleepiness or inattention crashes or other types
increase the risk of drowsy driving and drowsy-driving crashes. sleepy a driver is or a threshold at which driver sleepiness affects safety. evidence, such as police crash reports and driver self-reports following the event, and
ever) in 20 minutes to fall asleep by brain wave criteria is the measure of sleepiness. These conditions are unrecognized and untreated in a substantial number of people
No current data link other sleep disorders with
Contemporary society functions 24 hours a day. The panel recognized that the risk-taking behaviors of younger men will be a challenge
patients (Broughton et al., 1981; Haraldsson et al., 1995). Many
crashes, on-the-job errors, and on-the-job personal injuries due to sleepiness) and more
Laboratory tools for measuring sleepiness include the Multiple Sleep Latency Test
midnight and 6 a.m. (Mitler et al., 1988; kerstedt, 1995c), especially well into the
shift work are associated with lapses of attention, increased reaction time, and decreased
getting a ride from a family member, taking a cab, napping before heading home). Sleep fragmentation. other types of crashes, drowsy-driving crashes more often take place on highways and major
The panel speculated that drinking
significantly improves alertness in sleepy people (but only marginally in those already
concern that alerting devices may in fact give drivers a false sense of security,
Wilkins and colleagues (1997) confirmed that crashes attributed to driver fatigue have
can be" (right end). reduce them. disallow late-night driving among younger drivers can mandate this risk-avoiding behavior
Most adults need at least 7 hours of sleep a day, and teens need at least 8 hours. begin. typical crash related to sleepiness has the follow-ing characteristics: The problem occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon. The reasons young males have more crashes than do young females
restricting sleep by 1 or 2 hours a night can lead to chronic sleepiness. SAS or narcolepsy perform less well on driving simulation and vigilance or attention tests
For example, those who
that exist tend to address the biological feasibility of reducing drowsiness or improving
Another strategy is to avoid driving home from work while sleepy (e.g.,
At the same time, this age group is at
mechanical defect, speeding, excess alcohol, bad . behaviors (e.g., duration of prior wakefulness, recent sleep-wake patterns, the quality
Working the night shift,
behavioral measures to prevent or relieve sleepiness (Lisper et al., 1986; Dinges, 1995;
Among New York State
example, the National Transportation Safety Board (1995) concluded that the critical
overtime, or rotating shifts is a risk for drowsy driving that may be both chronic and
Some evidence exists that napping before a long
for future educational efforts. sleepiness decreases performance and increases risk, even at low levels of alcohol use. Some of the crash-related factors have been studied more than others. 1996). 4-day week schedule than with an 8-hour, 6-day week (Brown, 1994). drowsiness peaking from late evening until dawn (Wylie et al., 1996). however, the panel suggests that campaign designers consider the following message points,
studies to date have evaluated crash experiences of patients successfully treated for
that they reduce drive-off-the-road crashes by 30 to 50 percent-the only countermeasure
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