difference between rodents and lagomorphs

(b) What is the total number of possible microstates in tossing 5 coins? ; Elvinger, F.; Guenette, D.K. ; Uduman, S.; Rana, S.; Kochiyil, J.K.; Usmani, A.; Thomas, L. Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. Hepatitis E virus in rabbits, Virginia, USA. They demonstrated that the imbalance of the Th1/Th2 immune condition in HEV-infected mice could be related to the elevated frequency of miscarriage. In summary, alterations in the Th1:Th2 cell ratio throughout pregnancy can be seen with a significant tilt in the direction of Th2 cells. The major drawback of the pig model regarding pregnancy is the lack of susceptibility to human gt1 and gt2, which is associated with pregnancy mortality in humans. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external tail, and less-well-developed hind limbs associated with scampering locomotion. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Biology, Arizona State University, U.S. Chairman, Lagomorph Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Di Renzo, G.C. For example, a rat will have four fingers on their front limbs and five on their hind limbs. Navaneethan, U.; Al Mohajer, M.; Shata, M.T. ; Han, S.H. They demonstrated that all HEV-infected rabbits (6/6) of group 1 remained non-pregnant, but 9/12 rabbits of group 2 became pregnant. Kasorndorkbua, C.; Thacker, B.J. ; de Roda Husman, A.M.; Poel, W.H. They superficially resemble rodents and in older classifications were even included in the order Rodentia, as both possess a set of continuously growing incisor teeth. Studies in which rabbits were experimentally inoculated with human strains of gt3 HEV confirmed seroconversion but were unsuccessful in demonstrating replication and fecal shedding [, In summary, the rabbit model is currently the best HEV model for studying pregnancy mortality. Are rabbits rodents? Lets remove the confusion. Hence, they confirmed that HEV infection in newborn kits from infected mothers supported the vertical transmission of HEV. Progesterone and related compounds in hepatocellular carcinoma: Basic and clinical aspects. Allweiss, L.; Gass, S.; Giersch, K.; Groth, A.; Kah, J.; Volz, T.; Rapp, G.; Schbel, A.; Lohse, A.W. However, rabbits aren't rodents. The intravenous (IV) inoculation of these SPF rabbits with several strains of rHEV (GenBank No. Like rodents, rabbits have four upper incisors compared to the rodents two. However, they only have one pair of incisors, compared to the two pairs that lagomorphs have. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. They are relatively low-maintenance animals that require plenty of exercise and a diet of fresh vegetables and hay. ; et al. Feng, Z.; Hirai-Yuki, A.; McKnight, K.L. Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human. Are Rabbits Rodents? The Differences Between The Two - Just The infectivity of the orally administered virus was minimal, with only two rabbits displaying fecal shedding and seroconversion [, Interestingly, around 2014, Han et al. This finding provided confirmatory evidence of HEV replication in the placental tissue. To investigate whether HEV infection could produce any pregnancy defects, HEV-infected (group1) and non-infected (group 2) female rabbits were permitted to copulate with healthy male rabbits. ; Guimares, J.R.; Melgao, J.G. One characteristic that rabbits and other lagomorphs have is that their legs are covered in fur. Rabbits dont. Gardinali, N.R. Roberts, R.M. ; Meng, X.J. Pollock, C.G. As nouns the difference between mammal and rodent is that mammal is an animal of the class mammalia, characterized by being warm-blooded, having hair and feeding milk to its young while rodent is (senseid)a mammal of the order rodentia, characterized by long incisors that grow continuously and are worn down by gnawing. A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China. Although great strides have been made in recent years to adapt viruses to cell culture, this field remains behind other viruses that are much easier to replicate efficiently in vitro. At 49 dpi, two of four ovary samples in the HEV-infected groups demonstrated both positive-stranded and negative-stranded HEV RNA. ; Lu, F.M. ; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Halbur, P.G. Written and verified by the vet Eugenio Fernndez Surez. ; Moskal, T.; Purcell, R.H. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. Rodents are also placental mammals. A bicistronic subgenomic mRNA encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of hepatitis E virus. ; Savinov, A.P. In the case of any doubt, it's best to consult a trusted specialist. ; Verhoye, L.; Cocquerel, L.; Abravanel, F.; Foquet, L.; Montpellier, C.; Debing, Y.; Farhoudi, A.; Wychowski, C.; Dubuisson, J. demonstrated that rabbits injected with the rHEV isolate CHN-BJ-RB14 had a 9-month fecal shedding of HEV RNA. Habitat characteristics and life history explain reproductive Briefly, mice were injected IV with HEV gt4 (strain KM01) (1 10, Even though no maternal deaths were reported in the study, seven mice injected with HEV in mid-pregnancy developed miscarriages. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations and obvious portal fibrosis seen during histopathology were the indicators of chronic HEV infection in rabbits. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. reported HEV gt1 replication in the decidua and placenta tissue explants with observable apoptotic cells [, The above-mentioned in vitro studies and ex vivo studies such as JEG-3, PHESCs, and studies use the decidua basalis and fetal placenta, which demonstrate the relative differences in the interferon response, tissue damage and viral replication ability of gt1 and gt3 HEV. All lagomorphs are herbivores, which has shaped features of skull and dentition. Rabbits are one of the most popular pets you can have. Hepatitis E Virus Lifecycle and Identification of 3 Forms of the ORF2 Capsid Protein. rodents and lagomorphs An ideal animal model, which reliably reproduces all aspects of pregnancy mortality and pathology, associated with human HEV infection during pregnancy, does not currently exist, and finding an amenable system reaching all ideal requirements might not be feasible. ; Larsen, C.T. Huang, F.F. The six pregnant rabbits infected with HEV showed persistent fecal virus excretion from as soon as 3 dpi until their death or until the experiment ended. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Human pregnancy is a complex mechanism supported by immune regulation. Updates? ; Lim, S.G.; Dan, Y.Y. Experimental infection of rabbits with rabbit and genotypes 1 and 4 hepatitis E viruses. Not all species placentas are created equally as humans and primates possess a hemochorial placental type that is similar to rodents and rabbits, while horses, pigs, and ruminants have an epitheliochorial placenta, and carnivores have an endotheliochorial placenta [, The role of hormonal and immunological changes during pregnancy has long been implicated as potentially exacerbating HEV pathogenesis [, Initially, the embryo implantation and early stages of placentation lead to a strong inflammatory response throughout the first and the beginning of the second trimester. They found that two/six pregnant rabbits had a miscarriage while three of the remaining four HEV-infected pregnant rabbits died. So, we hope all of this has cleared up the differences between rabbits and rodents! Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further https://www.britannica.com/animal/lagomorph. ; et al. ; Navaneethan, U.; Jayanthi, V. Liver disease in pregnancy and its influence on maternal and fetal mortality: A prospective study from Chennai, Southern India. Further studies that demonstrate how the rabbit model is capable of linking the adverse effects of HEV during pregnancy include the study where six pregnant rabbits from group 2 were infected with HEV, while three pregnant uninfected rabbits were used as a control group. Murphy, S.P. They showed similar disease patterns between clones pSHEV-2 and pSHEV-3 and wild-type swine HEV, made evident by the seroconversion, viremia, and fecal shedding of viruses. ; Kim, Y.H. ; Foquet, L.; Verhoye, L.; Abravanel, F.; Farhoudi, A.; Leroux-Roels, G.; Izopet, J.; Meuleman, P. Transmission of hepatitis E virus infection to human-liver chimeric FRG mice using patient plasma. Yang, W.; Chen, S.; Mickael, H.K. Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. Both groups eat plant matter. Meng, X.J. However, no ovary sample showed negative strands of HEV RNA. Six batches of eggs (1113 eggs/day) were hatched, and each batch was kept independently and monitored every day for fecal virus shedding and viremia for 1 week prior to the necropsy. In addition, they could not see any notable microscopic lesions in any of the piglets or fetuses [, At 12 dpi, the necropsy of inoculated gilts (, In 2005, Huang et al. ; Mitchell, B.M. Pavio, N.; Meng, X.-J. The contents of My Animals are written for informational purposes. HEV RNA-positive ovaries (signal for both ORF2 and ORF3) were identified in the HEV-infected group at 28 and 49 dpi. The duration of HEV infection, as characterized by fecal virus excretion varied from 6 weeks post-inoculation (wpi) to 15 wpi (experiment ends). Actually, tooth enamel is another feature that differentiates rodents from lagomorphs: lagomorphs have enamel on both sides of their teeth. How was law and order maintained in Anglo-Saxon England? ; Wei, R.J.; Wang, S.N. positive feedback from the reviewers. ; Mubarik, M.M. Teo, C.G. No special While the tissue host tropism of HEV can be identified and innate immune responses characterized cells in a dish, these were unable to provide a complete picture of the human bodys response to HEV infection. High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan. Khuroo, M.S. Rabbits, hares, and a few other species make up the Lagomorpha. WebAccording to this view, lagomorphs and rodents share a common ancestor, although Simpson was the first to admit that the relationship implied by Glires was "permitted by our ignorance, rather than sustained by our knowledge." Lagomorpha Rabbits are also social creatures that enjoy the company of humans or other animals. They superficially resemble rodents and in older classifications were even included in the order Rodentia, as both possess a set of continuously growing incisor teeth. Finally, rabbits are known for their reproductive abilities and can give birth to as many as 12 babies at a time. ; Risbud, A.R. Corrections? Prevalence and genetic features of rabbit hepatitis E virus in Korea. In addition to the difficulties working with HEV, pregnancy is a very complicated biological process with an elaborate interplay between many different host systems, including hormones, cardiovascular, kidneys, respiratory, gastrointestinal, epithelial, liver, metabolic, immune, and others. Patra, S.; Kumar, A.; Trivedi, S.S.; Puri, M.; Sarin, S.K. The evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. Serological survey of hepatitis E virus infection in farmed and pet rabbits in Italy. ; Buitenwerf, R.M. Their fast and prodigious growth and short reproductive cycles make them ideal for performing large numbers of experiments quickly. ; Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. In lung sections, they observed pathological manifestations of pulmonary edema, and in kidney sections, focal lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the blood vessels appeared. Carter, A.M. Lagomorphs have 4 incisors in the upper jaw while rodents have 2. Granot, I.; Gnainsky, Y.; Dekel, N. Endometrial inflammation and effect on implantation improvement and pregnancy outcome. Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA. Most rodents are small animals with robust bodies, short limbs, and long tails. All lagomorphs (meaning hare-shaped) are small to medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. Lagomorphs are all herbivores. ; Emerson, S.U. In contrast, most molecular studies place the origin and initial diversification of crown-Rodentia deep in the Yugo, D.M. ; Holmberg, S.D. Aria's Ask and Answer! Hormonal factors throughout pregnancy have been suggested to play a significant role in HEV mortality [, In the 1980s, non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) was identified to be HEV [, HEV has recently undergone classification updates and continues to evolve with the discovery of new HEV strains. Are Guinea Pigs Rodents Or Lagomorphs00:20 - What is the difference between lagomorphs and rodents?00:37 - What types of animals are lagomorphs?01:00 - Lagomorpha - Wikipedia Wang, L.; Wang, L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. evaluated the replication of strain HB-L3, gt4 swine HEV (90.9% homology to a Beijing human strain) in the ovary and explored structural and molecular alterations stimulated by the intraperitoneal injection of HEV in rabbits. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hence, even though egg white was positive for avian HEV, the vertical transmission was not supported due to the absence of the virus in the samples collected from 60 hatched chicks. ; Orosz, S.E. Congruence, fossils and the evolutionary tree of rodents and WebDespite all their differences lagomorphs are most closely related to rodents than any other mammals. conducted a study with the inocula of 10, In addition, extra-hepatic replication has been mentioned in rHEV-infected rabbits. Absence of MHC class II antigen expression in trophoblast cells results from a lack of class II transactivator (CIITA) gene expression. The Rodentia family includes popular and widely recognized species like the mouse and the rat. Hepatitis E virus: Animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Surprisingly, HEV gt1 demonstrated higher susceptibility to chimpanzees in comparison to rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. ; Simard, C.; Houde, A. WebDifferences between lagomorphs and other mammals Although lagomorphs are more closely related to rodents than any other mammals, the two orders still have some major Additionally, rabbits and rodents are both found all over the world. This research received no external funding. The further establishment and optimization of HEV mouse models are warranted due to the benefits mentioned above. Hormonal regulation plays a collaborative role with maternal and fetal physiology. Active swine HEV infection was seen with each of these three clones when capped RNA transcripts were injected intrahepatically. Naked viruses that arent always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis. ; Tan, B.H. While we provide information resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Over the years I have perfected the art of caring for and nurturing rabbits. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation. Rodentia and lagomorpha | U.S. Geological Survey Between 10, In 2012, Cheng et al. The in vitro and ex vivo studies failed to provide a complete picture of a human pregnancy. Spencer, T.E. Han, J.; Lei, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, P.; Xia, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. SPF rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis E virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis. Mutualistic Fermentative Digestion in the Gastrointestinal Similarly, fecal shedding was positive for 8 days of hatching. Care needs to be taken when choosing established cell lines to ensure that specific cells are reactive to exogenous stimuli such as hormones. ; Green, J.A. A distinctive feature setting lagomorphs apart from rodents is the presence of a second pair of peglike incisors set directly behind the large, continuously growing Izopet, J.; Dubois, M.; Bertagnoli, S.; Lhomme, S.; Marchandeau, S.; Boucher, S.; Kamar, N.; Abravanel, F.; Guerin, J.L. ; Vilhena, L.S. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Schumacher, A. What You Need To Kn Are Rabbits Mammals? Balayan, M.S. **What are the shared features and differences between the two orders of rodentia and Lagomorpha? ; Burghardt, R.C. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis E virus infection. My name is Jessie Bryne and I am a Bunny lover. ; Stevens, G.A. Di Bartolo, I.; De Sabato, L.; Marata, A.; Martinelli, N.; Magistrali, C.F. Until the 20th century, people considered rabbits to be rodents and not lagomorphs. The Rodentia (rodent) is the largest group of mammals, with 1500 of them being rodents (out of 4000 mammals). Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. In addition, rodents only have tooth enamel on the front of their teeth, which usually has yellowish or orange tones. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Arankalle, V.A. The Domestic Rabbit, Oryctolagus Cuniculus: Origins and Furthermore, they demonstrated that all HEV-injected pigs seroconverted to anti-HEV IgG. They confirmed the occurrence of positive-strand HEV RNA in many tissues by RT-PCR. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. Contrary to popular belief, rabbits are not rodents. ; Krawczynski, K.; Nordenfelt, E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: Causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. They concluded that avian HEV could enter the egg white (typically 10 mL egg white is present in chicken eggs) with a relatively high dose; however, no virus was detected in the chicks, signifying that avian HEV in eggs could not live through the initial embryonation phase (19 days of embryonation) [, The chicken model was able to evaluate vertical transmission and the causes of infertility, as seen with drops in egg production. ; Elvinger, F.; Toth, T.E. They proposed a pregnant mouse model to study the clinical consequences of HEV infection. Future perspectives would be designed to a suitable experimental model system resembling in vivo tissue architecture such as organoids, spheroids, bioprinted microtissues, and organ on-chip systems [. ; Yasutomi, Y.; Lara, J.; Khudyakov, Y.; Schofield, D.; Emerson, S.U. Nutrition in Rodents and Lagomorphs - MSD Veterinary Manual those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Rabbits have a hemodichorial and bidiscoid type of placenta [, In 2010, forty-two specific pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits were divided into 11 groups, with 1 group acting as the negative control in the first-ever pathogenesis study. Also, their habitats are quite different: lagomorphs always live in burrows, while rodents can have other homes. This review describes many of the current HEV animal model systems and the strengths and weaknesses of each as they apply to HEV pregnancy-associated mortality. The mammalian fetal membranes. Hepatitis E Virus Immunopathogenesis. Ponta, H.; Kennedy, N.; Skroch, P.; Hynes, N.E. reported HEV replication and interferon responses in human placental cells. All rodents have a pair of upper and a pair of lower teeth called incisors. Also, lagomorphs are almost strictly herbivorous, unlike rodents, many of which will eat both meat and vegetable matter. - they replace the protective caps on their chromosomes throught their whole lives, therefore preventing cancer and living longer. ; Cordoba, L.; Dryman, B.A. They demonstrated that both gt1 and gt3 HEV (approximately 5 10, The genotype-related pathogenesis of HEV during pregnancy is indistinguishable, and a lack of efficient models has hampered fetal transmission studies of HEV. Rasheeda, C.A. Nair, V.P. This is because a rabbit has four incisors in the upper jaw (including two non-functional teeth), while rodents only have two. demonstrated that the rabbit HEV strain CHN-BJ-RB14 was able to produce high mortality with the vertical transmission in newborn kits when used to experimentally infect pregnant rabbits. Fecal viral RNA shedding and late viremia were observed in mice when intrasplenic inoculation (purified patient fecal suspension, HEV gt3) was administered. Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA in the liver tissues from HEV-infected pregnant rabbits suggested active virus replication. The prevalence of Th2-type cytokines establishes an anti-inflammatory state so that maternalfetal interface harmony can be maintained [, In the last stage, which occurs very late in the third trimester, fetal development finishes, and the babys birth is attained through a restored state of inflammation that is backed by Th1-type cytokines and immune cell invasion into the myometrium [. While there are many similarities between these two groups of animals, they are distinct in a number of important ways. A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. Because rabbits and rodents have similar gnawing teeth, the 18th-century taxonomist Linnaeus classified lagomorphs rabbits and hares as a family within the order Rodentia. ; Tsarev, S.A.; Emerson, S.U. ; Tomasi, T.B. ; Chadha, M.S. We consider factors that are critical to analyzing HEV infection within the host and how, despite no perfect animal model for human pregnancy mortality existing, recent developments in HEV models, both in vitro and in vivo, are advancing our overall understanding of HEV in the pregnant host. Pet Keen is reader-supported. Teo, C.G. The lengthy viremia and fecal shedding in rHEV-infected rabbits resembled human chronic HEV infection. they have 2 specifically designed upper and lower incisor teeth What is unique about rodent teeth? Rabbits were infected with a naturally occurring gt3 strain of HEV that also infects humans. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants. Other differences between rabbits and rodents include their physical appearance, behavior, and range. In contrast to them, the control groups did not appear to have any gross histopathology lesions in similar tissues compared to HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. ; Emerson, S.U. Sridhar, S.; Teng, J.L.L. PetKeen.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. Egg whites from eggs of chickens infected experimentally with avian hepatitis E virus contain infectious virus, but evidence of complete vertical transmission is lacking. Select from the 0 categories from which you would like to receive articles. reproduced the findings of the Ma et al. Another characteristic of lagomorphs is fenestration of portions of the skull. Rodents are the largest order of small mammals, and one of the most common of all animal types. The fossil record tends to support an early Cenozoic origin of crown-group rodents. The size of the placenta and length of gestation (114 days) are more similar to humans than many of the other proposed models. ; Lehman, J.R.; Webb, D.M. **What can naked mole rats tell us about aging? ; Dama, B.M. They have a pair of sharp, chisel-like upper and lower incisors that are continuously growing! Takaki, H.; Oshiumi, H.; Shingai, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Seya, T. Development of mouse models for analysis of human virus infections. Koonin, E.V. de Deus, N.; Casas, M.; Peralta, B.; Nofrarias, M.; Pina, S.; Martin, M.; Segales, J. ; Lopez-Tello, J.; Sferruzzi-Perri, A.N. Which best describes the dentition of lagomorphs? Purcell, R.H.; Engle, R.E. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 618. ; Othman, E.R. From barnyard to food table: The omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. WebRabbits do not belong to the Rodentia order, they are lagomorphs (Lagomorpha order). The other Asian pikas are burrowers that live in steppe and meadow habitats. Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United, States. Overall, while there are many benefits to keeping rabbits as pets, potential owners should be aware of the risks and responsibilities involved in doing so. Omissions? Didn't find what you need? ; Pierson, F.W. Required fields are marked *. Graff, J.; Torian, U.; Nguyen, H.; Emerson, S.U. From 3 to 14 dpi, positive-stranded viral RNA was detected in the tissues of swine HEV-infected pigs. future research directions and describes possible research applications. The two North American pikas and about half of Asian pikas occupy rocky habitat, where they live without making burrows. Erlebacher, A. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. The significant genetic manipulations often needed to achieve HEV growth in the mouse make them a very artificial model. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. Human, Chorionic Gonadotropin as a Pivotal endocrine immune regulator Initiating and preserving fetal tolerance. The first fossil record of mammals with lagomorph-like characters is from the Paleocene Epoch (65 to 54.8 million years ago), a time during which many mammalian orders diversified. When to Separate a Kitten from Its Mother, Invasive Rats and Their Influence on Reef Fish, The Giant Golden-Crowned Flying Fox, the World's Largest Pollinator. Ectopic Expression of Genotype 1 Hepatitis E Virus ORF4 Increases Genotype 3 HEV Viral Replication in Cell Culture. Also, The transfection of human liver huh7 cells by capped RNA transcripts followed by the production of ORF2 capsid and ORF3 proteins suggested the replication competence of the infectious cDNA clone. One baby was jaundiced at birth with elevated serum ALT levels, and four were anicteric with elevated ALT levels. Recent work has suggested the rabbit model in which rHEV gt3 strains can induce mortality of both the doe and kit, along with recapitulating many facets of HEV pathology, makes it currently one of the best models to utilize for dissecting pregnancy mortality. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. Rabbits have four incisor teeth, while rodents only have two. WebRodents have one pair of constantly growing sharp incisors used for feeding; lagomorphs have two pairs. They recommended that the antibodies against HEV that were identified in these newborns were probably induced by infection rather than passively acquired from their HEV-infected mothers because the seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies occurred at 3 months of age in those newborns. Xia, J.; Liu, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Liu, P.; Zou, Q.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. Experimental infection of pregnant rabbits with hepatitis E virus demonstrating high mortality and vertical transmission. Montella, M.; DArena, G.; Crispo, A.; Capunzo, M.; Nocerino, F.; Grimaldi, M.; Barbieri, A.; DUrsi, A.M.; Tecce, M.F. Rabbits have a systemic infection resulting in liver lesions as well as the ability of the virus to progress to chronicity and to cause pregnancy mortality (, Cynomolgus monkeys have a haemomonochorial and bidiscoid type of placenta that is very similar to the human placenta [, After the successful experimental infection in cynomolgus macaques, other NHPs were evaluated for the study of HEV.