After a long career writing and producing for national television networks, Hillary now focuses on tobacco harm reduction, health and well-being. Vaping 101: Which Vape Juice Ingredients to Avoid - Vaporesso There have been near equal levels found in kindergarten rooms. So try and avoid these at all costs. Heres what you need to know. Dr. Farsalinos, a cardiologist who has performed research on electronic cigarettes since 2011, also published a paper disputing these claims, stating there were many major issues in that study.. ultrafine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs. Am J Public Health. It is legal by state law in various areas and in certain countries worldwide. After a 2014 study conducted by Dr. Farsalinos showed many e-juices on the market contained detectable amounts of DA, the hunt for diacetyl-free e-juice was on. Start your day off right, with a Dayspring Coffee Heres what he had to say about recent research studies into formaldehyde and hemiacetals in vapor products, including e-liquids. Your vape isn't producing formaldehyde, either March 20, 2018 By Chris Polenski The claim that eliquid contains formaldehyde is about as old as vaping itself. Cigarette smoke contains all manner of dangerous chemicals with carcinogenic properties, including formaldehyde. There are a couple of things to keep in mind when using these pens. Unpacking the Vuse ePod 2. . is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes - cloud3creatives.com Because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not begun its review of any e-cigarette or its ingredients, nor has FDA issued any standards on the products, e-cigarette composition and effects vary. They say that electronic cigarettes produce the chemical compound that is used in embalming fluid. What we do know right now is that several lung diseases are associated with vaping: Popcorn lung is another name for bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), a rare condition that results from damage of the lungs small airways. Exposure may cause wheezing, asthma attacks and other respiratory symptoms. But research about exactly how vaping affects the lungs is in the initial stages, says Johns Hopkins lung cancer surgeon Stephen Broderick. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines formaldehyde as "a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature and has a strong odor. Heres a chart that compares formaldehyde in ecigarettes, with the tobacco cigarettes. Do hyde vapes have formaldehyde? Explained by Sharing Culture In 2013, he demonstrated that formaldehyde is only ever produced in noticeable volumes when experimenters misuse vaping equipment. Vaping-related lipoid pneumonia is the result of inhaling oily substances found in e-liquid, which sparks an inflammatory response in the lungs. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); How to Find Out the Number of M&Ms in a Bag, 11 Essential Oils For Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness), Benefits of Using Herbal Teas for Natural Healing (And Pain Relief). The pens, despite being disposable and simple in design, offer a pretty amazing spec. minors Children and adolescents below an age that would make them legally adults. Yes. Elf bars: Doctor explains why you shouldn't use disposable vapes Please SignIn or create a Account to leave a reply! When used as directed, theres no chance your atomizer will overheat. 1: Vaping Is Less Harmful Than Smoking, but It's Still Not Safe. As well as building materials and cleaning products, formaldehyde can also be found in the smoke from cigarettes, unvented gas stoves, wood-burning stoves, and kerosene heaters. He has told researchers they need to be aware of their testing protocol. They found that vaping 3 milligrams of e-cigarette liquid at a high voltage can generate 14 milligrams of loosely affiliated or hidden formaldehyde. Can Vaporizers Deliver Formaldehyde When You Vape? Paracelsus, a Renaissance physician, came up with the concept that the dose makes the poison that toxic substances are harmless in small doses and harmless substances are poisonous when over-consumed.. Nevertheless, the authors considered the risk equal to formaldehyde and calculated the risk of cancer. With a range of flavours including banana, blue raspberry, cola and cotton candy, and with prices as low as 4, it's easy to see why more and more people find themselves picking up an Elf or Geek bar particularly when they're splashed all over social media. On mobile devices, the chart can be scrolled horizontally as well as vertically. This heats the liquid in a cartridge, turning it into vapors that are inhaled. A recently published study shows that significant amounts of cancer-causing chemicals such as formaldehyde are absorbed by the respiratory tract during a typical vaping session, underscoring the . More rightly, as you might notice, the complete suffix is -aldehyde. PMID:31344110. This is largely down to the fact that it irritates the throat and the lungs. New laws are aimed at curbing vaping among teens. And finally, in 2011, after many studies, the Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program officially confirmed that formaldehyde is a human carcinogen. All e-cigarettes emit minute amounts of formaldehyde per puff, but it is so minute that it cannot be deemed toxic. He has been published in multiple magazine titles covering motorcycles, football and music, and in an anthology of "Greatest Football Writing". When finished, you simply discard it, and youre ready for the next one, whenever that may be. He regularly shares those results with world health agencies, including the FDA, with the intention of spreading scientifically sound information. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. The Geekvape Aegis Max works on button draw technology and is powered by a single 21700 or 18650 battery. Although theres no definitive answer at this point, experts do have a theory about how vaping harms lungs. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH2O (H-CHO). They range from 1500 to 6000 hits. Individuals vary in how they respond to formaldehyde. E-cigarettes Have At Least 10 Toxic Chemicals Tobacco Free CA. Dr. Konstantin E. Farsalinos, one of the worlds leading experts on vaping studies, said the most recent formaldehyde vaping scare was a political campaign with no scientific content. But I do vape. Now we tell patients not to smoke or vape if they want to avoid another lung collapse and surgery in the future.. About 20% of high school seniors vaped marijuana in the past year. Firstly, it carries 1.6 ml of nic salt e-juice, and the juices are available in several flavors. Learn more: Vaccines, Boosters & Additional Doses | Testing | Patient Care | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus. flavorants such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to serious lung disease. 30/09/2022. Vape pens generally contain formaldehyde due to the fact that they contain an ingredient called propylene glycol. The Hyde disposable vape that I'm taking a look at today in this review is known as the Hyde Original and it's a disposable e-cigarette that's currently available in a variety of different flavors. "Furthermore, they can also cause bad breath. E-cigarette liquids typically contain propylene glycol, which when heated is known to release formaldehyde gas. Cannabis Calculators Now health experts are concerned about vapes as there is concern that they too contain formaldehyde and other harmful chemicals. The rates have more than doubled in the past two years. In adherence with FDA guidelines, we may receive free products or samples for the purpose of review. Masks are required inside all of our care facilities. To summarize what this study is saying at 3.3v of a standard variable voltage tank system e-cig, no formaldehyde was found. He is the news editor for Planet of the Vapes, a trustee on the New Nicotine Alliance's charity board and works on the BSI committee for e-liquids. There are such flavors as straw melon apple, cherry lemonade, etc. The same may be true for vaping, says Broderick. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Firstly, it carries 1.6 ml of nic salt e-juice, and the juices are available in several flavors. However, at 5.0v of the same system, formaldehyde-releasing agents were found at over 10 times the amount found in traditional cigarettes. Formaldehyde is a word which can inspire fear in the bravest of souls, on par with "card declined", "mother-in-law" and tell the group three fun facts about yourself. Some e-liquids were found to contain minute levels of carbonyls; specifically diacetyl, acetoin, or acetyl propionyl. Call Us Today! Magnesium linked to kidney problems, low blood pressure, urine retention, nausea and vomiting, Sulphur has its own hazardous substances fact sheet, Phosphorus causes the skin to melt from the bone. A tiny convenience store a block from my house started selling Hyde and the other day I bought one to try. difficulties problem-solving. nihnewsinhealth@od.nih.gov When the juice is done, just toss the device in the trash and pick up another to try different flavors. Over time, as e-cigarette use continues, experts will gain a better understanding of how vaping affects the lungs. Doctor explains why you really shouldn't use those Elf bars you've seen all over TikTok, Cosmopolitan, Part of the Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network. He had a week-long stay in ICU where brain surgeons Read More. Nor does it affect the integrity of our reviews. According to a 2016 report of the Surgeon General, vaping consists of a toxic aerosol containing cancer-causing substances. These molecules are known formaldehyde-releasing agents that are used as industrial biocides. If you want more juice at an affordable price, try Hyde. So, do Hydes have Formaldehyde in them? 03/10/2022. If you've been out to a pub, club or bar as of late, or even just scrolling through TikTok, it's likely you'll have seen a few (read: a lot) of people with a colourful, disposable vape in their . Our Tax ID is: 131632524. The most common side effects of vaping include: One of the safest vape mods would be the Geekvape Aegis Max. Firstly, it carries 1.6 ml of nic salt e-juice, and the juices are available in several flavors. The Best Diacetyl Free E-Juices for Safer Vaping [2022] - Vaping360 Beginner & Intermediate E-Cigarettes & Vaping Devices That Perform at Safe Temperatures, Not long ago, minute amounts of those chemicals were found in some e-liquids; particularly those that had a cream, vanilla or cinnamon flavor. Vaping is now more popular among teens than smoking traditional cigarettes. Some people even believe the parts contain this compound. At Another Johns Hopkins Member Hospital: Will Vaping Lead Teens to Smoking Cigarettes? Instead, the authors of the replication study simply stated that the more common gaseous form of formaldehyde would not affect e-cigarette users at intermediate heats. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes. and also my throat was sore and swollen, and id have a runny nose constantly but . Hydes salt nicotine juice flavors are some of the best. Three years ago, researchers at Portland State University in Oregon conducted a study that found previously unknown forms of formaldehyde in. Formaldehyde (/ f r m l d h a d / for-MAL-di-hide, US also / f r-/ fr-) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH 2 O and structure HCHO.The pure compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin . any other disposable didnt make me feel the way hydes did. Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, Yang J, Primack BA, Andrews JA, Miech RA, Spindle TR, Dick DM, Eissenberg T, Hornik RC, Dang R, Sargent JD. Additionally, when the e-liquid heats up, more toxic chemicals are formed. PG is non toxic and commonly used to carry flavor in food products, as an ingredient in food coloring and also used as an additive in various medicines. Most formaldehyde produced in the United States is for the manufacture of resins, such as urea-formaldehyde, used to make the adhesives for pressed wood products, such as particleboard, furniture, paneling, cabinets, and other products. Mission to Give Back, Jeff was involved in an accident where he endured a traumatic brain injury. Every Hyde product has its distinct logo on the disposable device. Eissenberg T, Bhatnagar A, Chapman S, Jordt SE, Shihadeh A, Soule EK. Despite the uproar from the pro-vaping scientific community, many smokers and current vapers are wondering whether vaping is dangerous. Copyright 2023 Vape Mountain Ltd. All rights reserved. We do know that smoking tobacco forces tiny particles to be deposited deep in the bronchial tree and can lead to the development of cancer. Its battery works out to 280 mAh. One of the most common half-truths spread about vaping is the fear that it produces formaldehyde. It was created by Philip Morris International, the worlds largest tobacco company. Summary:E-cigarettes can contain nicotine, propylene glycol, flavorings and other chemicals. The rates have more than doubled in the past two years. . Our service is free and we are here to help you. They come with nicotine salt e-juice, available in an assortment of vape juice flavors, including cherry peach lemonade, peach mango watermelon, pink lemonade, aloe grape, and blue razz. 5 Truths You Need to Know About Vaping Smoking electronic cigarettes is often considered safer than regular smoking. These compounds have been linked with cancer, irritation to the eyes, and irritation to the lungs and airways, meaning that they can lead to difficulty breathing. If you set it too high, youll get a hot vape and a burnt taste. Formaldehyde | American Lung Association You wont get any vapor; just air that tastes like burnt socks. It has also been detected in vape pens/e-cigs. One in four high school seniors say they vaped nicotine in the past month. The bigger concern is that some people have been led to believe that vaping devices naturally deliver this compound. If the liquid has nicotine in it, then the user is inhaling nicotine along with the other ingredients in the liquid, explains Dr. Thomas Eissenberg, an expert on tobacco research at Virginia Commonwealth University. Sharing a video with his 33.3k TikTok followers, Dr Onkar Mudhar warned viewers against using the viral, disposable vapes they've seen all over their timelines. method daily wood cleaner discontinued; sports concussions long term effects; derrico family names and ages 2021; taco bell manchester, nh closed; side hustle fanfiction The public really knows very little about this substance. Products are registered with the MHRA and CBD contains less than 0.2% THC as per EU regulations. June 14, 2022; indigo child symbol . They found no increased risk for people vaping at a low voltage. The result is that you can now buy e-liquids that are free of aldehydes. There is no need to screw in a cartridge or pod or fill the chamber with an e-juice. WARNING ON HYDE ONE DISPOSABLES : electronic_cigarette Its not just harmless water vapor. Thank you! how long is chickpea pasta good for in the fridge. Menu. Vape pens generally contain formaldehyde due to the fact that they contain an ingredient called propylene glycol. As I mentioned in the post if you are vaping at normal temperatures, (as the Farsalinos study indicates) your ejuice will not produce formaldehyde.. millionaire vs billionaire yacht meme; comparison of the 4 models on teacher effectiveness ppst. This claim was supported by other scientists in 2017 when they attempted to replicate the Portland teams results with the device at a lower heat setting. The pocket-sized Hyde Edge is the pride of the brand. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes Remember, for every scary headline, there are scores of reputable scientists and researchers who have debunked it. If you are concerned about the amount of formaldehyde in vapes, look for vapes with a lower voltage. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes - 740alvarado.com Formaldehyde is a flammable, colorless gas that is commonly used in construction, in building materials, as a fumigant on an industrial scale, and as a preservative. All Rights Reserved. (more on hemiacetals in a bit). Best of all,Hyde vapesare disposable, and most of their vape products are rechargeable, too! They create more vapor and deliver more chemicals. The NCBI has determined that while JUULs do emit some formaldehyde, they do not emit the high levels of formaldehyde that similar products made by other e-cigarette manufacturers. Many people turn to vaping as an alternative to smoking, but what are the effects of vapor on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, Many people try nicotine replacement or vaping as an alternative to smoking cigarettes. . Hyde Vape is a UK-based vaping company that is really expanding at a rapid pace. You must be at least 18 years old to enroll at CTU. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes trigonometric ratios sin, cos and tan calculator. Our material is not copyrighted. These devices were hailed as miraculous when it came to quitting smoking, but as the years have ticked by, they, too, now find themselves under scrutiny. Read more: No one knows why vapes are leading to lung injury and death, but a lung doctor says formaldehyde and a chemical used in weed killer may be partially to blame Parent Smoking Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis. So weve established that formaldehyde is something best avoided. According to the National Institutes of Health and BioMed Central vaping emits 0.007 parts per million (PPM) of formaldehyde. Those who develop these blisters are usually tall, thin people who had a period of rapid growth during adolescence, says Broderick. Chemicals in Vaping: Formaldehyde - Tobacco Education Resource Library Formaldehyde is a common colorless, strong-smelling chemical that is a gas at room temperature. This is a combination of formaldehyde and alcohols.there is absolutely no evidence that hemiacetals are toxic or carcinogenic. So, get ready and see the sights of tremendous and matchless vaping flavors with us. What Exactly Is Formaldehyde, How Harmful Is It And Is It In Our Vaping Liquid? Best food forward: Are algae the future of sustainable nutrition? Reset Password 2023 American Lung Association. In the last 24 to 36 months, Ive seen an explosive uptick of patients who vape, reports Broderick. In their latest study, Peyton, Strongin, and Pankow used an intermediate power setting that was chosen to represent normal vaping conditions. The good news, the level of formaldehyde in Vape is less than any other flavoring ingredient. Additionally, the Color Plus edition has 5 mL capacity and 50 mg nicotine per milliliter. Most of us have visions of well-preserved dead fetuses or brains swimming in glass laboratory jars. The level is dramatically higher in tobacco cigarettes. But before you put down the vape and go back to puffing on your analogue, theres more to the study than whats on the surface. The answer to this question is YES and NO. Hyde Original Disposable $5.64 - PerfectVape As formaldehyde occurs naturally, it is the level that makes it dangerous. Benefits of Hyde Vape or Lit Bar Delta 8. In rare instances, these headaches have gone on to become migraines. Heres the Information You Need to Get Started. All rights reserved. ALSO READ: How many Conversation Hearts in a box? Following criticism of their work, the researchers revisited their investigation. It is a common aldehyde gas thats formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. They range from $16.99 to $26.99, more affordable than competitors in the vaping industry like Juul. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes. The disposable Hyde vape pen has several design features that make it worth considering as a new device. TOP 9 what chemicals are in hyde vapes BEST and NEWEST Inhaling formaldehyde has also been linked to asthma and nausea, and wearing clothes with the chemical is associated with ashes, blisters, and itchy, dry skin. These irritations can happen at low levels of formaldehyde. Hydes, also known as Hyde Vapes, or Hyde Bars, are popular vapes, yet there is growing concern that they contain harmful ingredients. Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. Thinking of Vaping THC, CBD and Other Oils? Join the 700,000+ people getting our email updates! A recently published study shows that significant amounts of cancer-causing chemicals such as formaldehyde are absorbed by the respiratory tract during a typical vaping session, underscoring the potential health risks posed by vaping. Diacetyl is frequently added to flavored e-liquid to enhance the taste. Customer Service: [email protected] . All major credit and debit cards accepted. Age verification tools are in place to ensure all our customers are 18+. Hyde has changed this & I'm now a vaper, not a smoker anymore. CTU trained me for one of them! Shudder. Not only is it dangerous, but its also expensive and unhygienic. Some pens contain negligible amounts of the gas and are therefore less likely to cause serious issues than vapes containing larger amounts of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a common organic chemical, found in everything from plywood to pears, and it's naturally produced in your body. Their devices are portable and pocket-sized, allowing you to have a convenient and discreet vaping experience. Formaldehyde is also produced naturally in the body and occurs naturally in fruits and some foods. ", As we all know, nicotine is highly addictive, but that's not the only thing about disposable vapes that's cause for concern. If you want to give it a go, check out some of the starter kits available at Vape Mountain now! Hydes disposable vape products offer users a flavorful and smooth vapor with no apparent flaws. So, any vapes, containing tank systems or cartridges, will produce formaldehyde when the e-liquid is produced at high temperatures. Are the power settings appropriate to the atomiser? Cosmopolitan participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. how many bundles are in a presidential shingle square; people's court bailiff salary; mamma mia 3 patrick dempsey. Lines open from 9.00am to 5:00pm, Monday to Friday (excluding Bank Holidays and Christmas). Note: The larger Hyde variants [] You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Furthermore, it can also produce formaldehyde-rich compounds known as Hemiacetals. Easy to use, incredible flavors. is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes. The Hyde Color device has 1.6 mL vape juice and 25 to 50 mg nicotine. What is a hyde? Vaping exposes the lungs to a variety of chemicals. What company owns Hyde vape? - The Planet Vape Formaldehyde. For the sake of this review, I'm going to focus on my personal favorite flavor, Spearmint. Its all ready to go. The single-most important thing you can do is identify what is causing it in this case vaping and eliminate it.. Others are shaped like every-day objects, such as pens or USB memory sticks. There are various different Hyde vape disposables that have different puff counts. In anticipation of upcoming FDA regulations, many closed-system e-cigarettes currently in production use proprietary batteries that won't work with third-party cartridges. The disposable vape pods have risen in popularity along with Geek bars. ", Dont do it! Hyde Vape is based out of the United Kingdom and produces affordable and sleek vape devices with plenty of flavors. Hope this helps! Some look like traditional cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. wjlb quiet storm; rock vs goldberg record Unfortunately, DA is also used in the manufacture of fake butter flavor, and this tends to have side effects on Vapers, like causing obliterate bronchitis. It occurs naturally in the environment, including in some foods (and even inside our bodies), but it is also a widely used chemical in some industries. A detailed history, The ending of Sex/Life season 2 explained. Its one of the thousands of chemicals located in cigarette smoke just one of the carcinogens that causes cancer in smokers. Capacity: 1.8mL Battery Capacity: 380mAh Nicotine: 50mg Flavors: Krazy Kustard Pink Lemonade Blue Razz Cherry Lemonade StrawMelon Apple Honeydew Punch Spearmint Peach Mango Lush Ice Strawberries and Cream Fire & Ice Mango Mango Ice Pineapple Ice These may include the main active chemicals in tobacco (nicotine) or marijuana (THC), flavorants, and other ingredients that are added to vaping liquids. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound: a colourless, pungent-smelling gaseous substance. Hillary, BECG's editor and contributing author has been an advocate for the vaping industry since 2009. Vape juice ingredients include vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and natural and artificial flavors. By is gamvar toxic; 0 comment; May 31, 2022 . What is the luteal phase of your menstrual cycle? While they may look different, most vaping devices work in a similar way. Smoking and now vaping are associated with an increased risk of bursting these blisters, leading to lung collapse. The substance at the center of investigation is vitamin E. Its often used as a thickening and delivery agent in e-liquid. About the same amount, 0.005 PPMis found in a kindergarten room. Studies have found that even e-cigarettes claiming to be nicotine-free contain trace amounts of nicotine. This is drastically lower than the exposure to formaldehyde from smoking which is between 3.4 micrograms to 8.8 micrograms/cigarette. "Not only is nicotine in these devices super addictive, it also puts you at risk of developing gum disease, dry mouth, tooth decay and early tooth loss," he points out. The toxicity of vaping is once again being debated. sagittarius man obsessed with virgo woman; audrey hepburn third husband EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Fewer understand its potential dangers. E-cigarette liquids typically contain propylene glycol, which when heated is known to release formaldehyde gas. We think that some of the vaporized elements of the oil are getting deep down into the lungs and causing an inflammatory response, explains Broderick. Regular tobacco cigarettes contain 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic. E-cigarettes, aka JUULs and vape pens, use a battery to heat up a special liquid into an aerosol that users inhale. Well, in 2015 a medical journal reported that e-cigarettes also expose users to formaldehyde. Dr Frost X Fruit Drop Yuzu Blackberry Mango. For wellness toolkits, visit www.nih.gov/wellnesstoolkits. Formaldehyde is a known degradation product of propylene glycol that reacts with propylene glycol and glycerol during vaporization to produce hemiacetals (Figure 1). As a result, formaldehyde hemiacetals are released. Furthermore, it can also produce formaldehyde-rich compounds known as Hemiacetals. E-liquid concoctions usually include some mix of flavorings, aromatic additives and nicotine or THC (the chemical in marijuana that causes psychological effects), dissolved in an oily liquid base. 1:43 pm junio 7, 2022. raquel gonzalez height. Yingst JM, Foulds J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Trushin N, Eissenberg TT, Williams J, Richie JP, Nichols TT, Wilson SJ, Hobkirk AL. Login What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? No, Hyde is not just nicotine. Regular vapers have also reported an increase in the amounts of headaches after vaping. What is formaldehyde? Ingredients in loy vape? Explained by Sharing Culture is there formaldehyde in hyde vapes - paginaswebconcordia.com Ingestion of as little as 30 mL (1 oz.) Heart failure: Could a low sodium diet sometimes do more harm than good? Thanks for commenting! Its important to stay aware of what we do know and use this to make your own, carefully considered decision as to whether vaping is right for you.