scottish vs irish facial features

Heritability of mandibular cephalometric variables in twins with completed craniofacial growth. I notice that many folks from the South and Lower Midwest (especially Kentucky, Indiana and Tennessee), where Irish and Scottish ancestry are the most Ricketts, R. M. (1982). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801311-3.00002-0, Reik, W. (2007). 21, 137143. They are roughly the same regardless of language, because of mixed ancestry over a long time. After the ice age, the first hunter-gatherers came wi Although, it is known that the PAX3 influences the prominence of the bridge of the nose it is more challenging to know to what extent this influences adjacent facial regions in each individual. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 674685. J. Orthod. In addition, the individual facial traits have yielded impressive levels of significance using a relatively small number of subjects (Evans, 2018). EX. The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. WebThe facial features tend to be soft and boyish in men and youthful in women. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(82)90073-2, Rivezzi, G., Piscitelli, P., Scortichini, G., Giovannini, A., Diletti, G., Migliorati, G., et al. J. Hum. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01462.x, Weiner, J. S. (1954). Despite some evidence for positive correlation between blood and lip tissue DNA methylation (Alvizi et al., 2017; Howe et al., 2018b), the extent to which blood is a suitable proxy is unknown. (2012). Proc. WebWhen autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. (2014). In Irish, the response to slinte is slinte agatsa, which translates "to your health as well". doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.019, Kau, C. H., and Richmond, S. (2008). Aspinall, A., Raj, S., Jugessur, A., Marazita, M., Savarirayan, R., and Kilpatrick, N. (2014). Scottish women tend to be proportionately curvy. Development 129, 46474660. Natl. Prevention may be challenging (other than continually improving environmental conditions and reducing exposure to potential epigenetic factors) as facial development occurs very early in gestation during a period whereby the mother is often unaware she is pregnant. Genet. Int. (2016). A significant number of genes are integrally involved in cranial neural crest cells and patternation of the craniofacial complex (e.g., C5orf50, MAFB, and PAX3). doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2001.040303.x, Carson, E. A. (2016). The disruption of neuro-facial developmental and maturational processes can lead to widespread and long-lasting abnormalities in central nervous system structure and functions and some of these disturbances will also be accompanied with subtle differences in facial features (Hennessy et al., 2010). The facial developmental component processes are listed (Table 1) and the human embryonic sequence of events can be visualized which aids understanding of the movement of the facial processes followed by their fusion (Sharman, 2011). Dentofacial Orthop. 12, 615618. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20249, Miller, S. F., Weinberg, S. M., Nidey, N. L., Defay, D. K., Marazita, M. L., Wehby, G. L., et al. The long-term impact of folic acid in pregnancy on offspring DNA methylation: follow-up of the Aberdeen Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (AFAST). Improved facial outcome assessment using a 3D anthropometric mask. Sci. The role of enhancers modifying histones, chromatin states are key for normal range craniofacial development and relative position of the various craniofacial tissues. Int. Clin. (2009). Three-dimensional assessment of functional change following Class 3 orthognathic correctiona preliminary report. Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) is a birth defect with a complex etiology, primarily affecting the upper lip and palate (Mossey et al., 2009; Dixon et al., 2011). Palate. The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals. Received: 06 July 2018; Accepted: 20 September 2018;Published: 16 October 2018. Breast 16, 137145. (2014). 268, 3944. Who is the most beautiful woman in Ireland? (2016). 13:e1006616. 44, 270281. doi: 10.1007/s12024-006-0007-9, Wilson, C., Playle, R., Toma, A., Zhurov, A., Ness, A., and Richmond, S. (2013). 12:167. doi: 10.1038/nrg2933, Djordjevic, J., Jadallah, M., Zhurov, A. I., Toma, A. M., and Richmond, S. (2013a). Schizophr. Top. The fusion between the facial processes depends on a series of events involving cell migration, growth, adhesion, differentiation and apoptosis. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes. 143, 845854. Craniofac. Genet. Nat. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.033, Hopman, S. M., Merks, J. H., Suttie, M., Hennekam, R. C., and Hammond, P. (2014). WebIrish Ceili Dancing. PLoS One 11:e0162250. TABLE 3. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5, Idemyor, V. (2014). 35, 123135. Detailing Patient Specific Modeling to Aid Clinical Decision Making. 22, e1e4. Genet. 289, 4050. doi: 10.1007/s10519-013-9627-5, Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., et al. Elucidating the genetics of craniofacial shape. This group is also sometimes referred to as black Irish. 16, 146160. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2010). Curr. However, large-scale population studies are needed to identify more genetic variants not only in the context of facial shape but general body development with particularly attention to puberty. Roosenboom, J., Hens, G., Mattern, B. C., Shriver, M. D., and Claes, P. (2016). (2013). Dent. Forensic Sci. Surg. Some people believe that Scottish and Irish DNA is similar, while others believe that it is not. Epigenetics focuses on the functional components of the genes and gene activities. Forensic Sci. Indeed, the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, was reported to have had difficulties eating and speaking because of facial deformities. Nat. Genome-wide mapping of global-to-local genetic effects on human facial shape. (2016). Dev. doi: 10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70038-9, Popat, H., Richmond, S., and Drage, N. A. 3. The study determined that Scotland is divided into six clusters of 3:e002910. It is therefore important to use causal inference techniques such as epigenetic Mendelian randomization Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) or the Steiger test (Hemani et al., 2017) to orientate the likely directions of effect between phenotypes, epigenetic modifications and gene expression. A spatially-dense regression study of facial form and tissue depth: towards an interactive tool for craniofacial reconstruction. R. Soc. Epigenomics 10, 2742. 1. However, it is important to note that heritability estimates for specific traits can be inconsistent for a number of reasons including heterogeneity across study populations, small sample sizes, research designs, acquisition methods and the differing types of analyses employed. Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects. (2016). Age prediction using methylation techniques have indicated a mean absolute deviation of 58 years (Xu et al., 2015; Bocklandt et al., 2011; Hamano et al., 2017). Facial development occurs very early at a time when the mother is not always aware that she is pregnant. Facial surfaces that are captured in supine and prone position often show slight differences (Munn and Stephan, 2018). 9, 255266. (2016). (2013). Vis. Rev. Hum. doi: 10.1520/JFS2004251, Suttie, M., Wozniak, J. R., Parnell, S. E., Wetherill, L., Mattson, S. N., Sowell, E. R., et al. The limited evidence for genetic correlation between facial and other traits has been reported in Table 3. (2018). Genet. Res. Assessment and judgment of the face and body can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians when mathematical methods such as Fibonacci series and the golden proportion (1:1.618) were applied to art and architecture as a method of defining attractiveness and beauty (Ricketts, 1982). Genet. doi: 10.1007/s00439-016-1754-7, Lippert, C., Sabatini, R., Maher, M. C., Kang, E. Y., Lee, S., Arikan, O., et al. 38, 493502. In addition, there is evidence of pleiotropy, quantitative phenotypes and Mendelian traits all influencing multiple phenotypes suggesting a large number of loci contribute additively to facial variation. Genet. Nature 447:396. doi: 10.1038/nature05913, Bocklandt, S., Lin, W., Sehl, M. E., Sanchez, F. J., Sinsheimer, J. S., Horvath, S., et al. Am. 136, 275286. Population cohort studies enables researchers to study the environmental, disease and metabolic risk factors and genetic interactions from pre-birth throughout the lifecourse. Polygenic risk scores, LD score regression (to reduce confounding biases Bulik-Sullivan B.K. Genet. 16, 615646. Biol. 50, 652656. Guide to the staging of human embryos. Previous studies have found strong evidence supporting associations between prenatal smoke exposure (Joubert et al., 2016) and folate supplementation (Richmond R.C. Public Health 10, 59535970. doi: 10.1093/ejo/18.6.549, Van Otterloo, E., Williams, T., and Artinger, K. B. 21, 548553. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081, Henderson, A. J., Holzleitner, I. J., Talamas, S. N., and Perrett, D. I. Child 41, 613635. Judging by the looks of all the peoples known to have a strong Celtic background, and according to some historical sources, Id say that Celts were Nature 414, 909912. The soft tissue facial variation has been explored in a large Caucasian population of 15-year-old children (2514 females and 2233 males) recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). However, to date one study has indicated that maternal smoking may interact with the GRID2 and ELAVL2 genes resulting in cleft lip and palate (Beaty et al., 2013). Facial fluctuating asymmetry is not associated with childhood ill-health in a large British cohort study. Surg. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. Decoding lamarck-transgenerational control of metabolism by noncoding RNAs. *Correspondence: Stephen Richmond, r[emailprotected], The Genes and Mechanisms Underlying Normal-Range Craniofacial Variation, View all J. Orthod. For example, for our 2019 ethnicity estimates we knew that Scottish people typically got a lot of both Ireland & Scotland and England, Wales & Northwestern Europe in their results often almost a 50/50 split. J. Phys. SR, ES, LH, and SL highlighted the shared facial traits. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004724, Hallgrimsson, B., Percival, C. J., Green, R., Young, N. M., Mio, W., and Marcucio, R. (2015). (2018). 45, 414419. 47, 291295. Up for the craic the craic is nothing but mighty with us. The facial surface is readily visible and identifiable with a close relationship to the underlying cartilaginous and skeletal structures (Stephan et al., 2005; Wilkinson et al., 2006; De Greef et al., 2006; Al Ali et al., 2014b; Shrimpton et al., 2014). B., and Prahl-Andersen, B. BMJ Open 5:e009027. WebSlinte is the basic form in Irish. Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. Differences in relative size, shape and spatial arrangement (vertical, horizontal and depth) between the various facial features (e.g., eyes, nose, lips etc.) Genome-wide association study of facial morphology reveals novel associations with FREM1 and PARK2. A. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjs107, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Toma, A. M., Playle, R., Zhurov, A. I., et al. PLoS Genet. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Nature 447:425. doi: 10.1038/nature05918, Relton, C. L., and Davey Smith, G. (2012). doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3414, Stanier, P., and Moore, G. E. (2004). Estimating the sex-specific effects of genes on facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism. - Improved understanding of historical selection and adaptation relating to facial phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation and geographical latitude. PLoS Genet. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Common genetic and environmental factors among craniofacial traits in Belgian nuclear families: comparing skeletal and soft-tissue related phenotypes. Prediction in forensic science: a critical examination of common understandings. Pediatrics 138:e20154256. http://preparetoserve.com Scottish accent vs Irish accent (funny). Why are Irish Pale? II. In addition, it is likely that one or more genes influence the whole shape of the face as well as more localized facial regions (Claes et al., 2018). Surg. Scottish is the term referred to peoples who live in Scotland, whereas Irish is the term that is referred to peoples who live in Ireland. Identifying genetic variants influencing facial phenotypes can lead to improved etiological understanding of craniofacial anomalies, advances in forensic prediction using DNA and testing of evolutionary hypotheses. 37, 6271. 7:10815. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10815, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Aelion, C. M., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Alemagno, S., Amler, R. W., Arnett, D. K., Balas, A., et al. Expanding the cleft phenotype: the dental characteristics of unaffected parents of Australian children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. Scott, I. M., Clark, A. P., Boothroyd, L. G., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2013). doi: 10.1038/ng.3570, Pirttiniemi, P. M. (1994). Cleft lip and palate. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy032. Disruptions in the fusion of the facial processes may result in complete or partial clefts of the face, lip and/or palate. Theres nothing the Irish love more than the craic. Am. Surg. (2017). The face develops very early in gestation and facial development is closely related to the cranial neural crest cells. Richmond, S. A., Ali, A. M., Beldi, L., Chong, Y. T., Cronin, A., Djordjevic, J., et al. The analytical techniques (particularly the bootstrapped response-based imputation modeling (BRIM) and hierarchical spectral clustering analysis) employed by Claes et al. 171, 771780. Am. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021, Peng, S., Tan, J., Hu, S., Zhou, H., Guo, J., Jin, L., et al. Acad. Most Scottish people have brown hair, doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.289, Howe, L. J., Lee, M. K., Sharp, G. C., Smith, G. D., St Pourcain, B., Shaffer, J. R., et al. Non-genomic transgenerational inheritanceof disease risk. Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. 127, 559572. 2. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu150, Crouch, D. J. M., Winney, B., Koppen, W. P., Christmas, W. J., Hutnik, K., Day, T., et al. J. Neuroradiol. The aim will be to continually develop and advance existing computerized tools and algorithms to solve these complex problems and this will require a multidisciplinary and internationally based team. Expression of chick Barx-1 and its differential regulation by FGF-8 and BMP signaling in the maxillary primordia. Am. Hu, N., Strobl-Mazzulla, P. H., and Bronner, M. E. (2014). (2002). Web0:00 / 13:49 Irish & Scottish Culture Differences (With Diane Jennings) WeeScottishLass 81.2K subscribers Subscribe 4.1K 93K views 3 years ago Today a Wee Scottish Lass & 6. The genes and broad regional associations are shown in Table 2 (ordered by facial feature and chromosome) and Figure 1 (showing facial region). Genet. The gene regulatory systems are complex and numerous and detailing these regulatory mechanisms has been the goal of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Project whereby next generation sequencing technologies (e.g., ChiP seq) are employed to map DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin accessibility in a variety of research media such as, animal models (mouse, chicken, zebrafish, frog, and primates) and stem cells and regulated human fetal tissues (Hochheiser et al., 2011; Roosenboom et al., 2016; Van Otterloo et al., 2016). Do Irish people have hooded eyelids? PLoS Genet. Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A. S., et al. (2018). 55, 2731. Legal Med. While each person is unique, people of Scottish descent are generally average or tall in stature and have a thin build. Craniofac. Dev. Heritability maps of human face morphology through large-scale automated three-dimensional phenotyping. (2016). This association suggests that developmental processes relating to normal-variation in philtrum development are also etiologically relevant to nsCL/P, highlighting the shared genetic influences on normal-range facial variation and a cranio-facial anomaly (Howe et al., 2018a). (2015). LH and AZ wrote the section Environmental Influences. J. Med. Twin studies have indicated that facial shape is mainly due to genetic influences (75%) although the percentage variance explained in GWAS studies is extremely low generally explaining less than 2% of the total variance. Although the molecular understanding of genetic variation influencing facial morphology is improving, the use of DNA as a prediction tool is still a long way off. There's also some more darker features in some people, like black hair and brown eyes. Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). Jaenisch, R., and Bird, A. Genet. 48, 709717. 11, 154158. (2015). 101, 913924. J. Orthod. Many of the previously discussed genetic variants associated with facial traits in GWAS reside in non-protein coding regions of the genome with unclear functional relevance. Child 41, 454471. J. Orthod. Normal facial development is dependent on Cranial Neural Crest Cells and correctly spatially positioned and differentiated tissues and structures that influence the shape and morphological features of the face. WebLike its Gaelic cousin, both are Indo-European languages, but Irish is actually a language unto its own. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Adv. Am. Shaffer, J. R., Li, J., Lee, M. K., Roosenboom, J., Orlova, E., Adhikari, K., et al. Surg. PLoS Genet. Table of Contents Are hazel eyes Irish? (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.010, Tsagkrasoulis, D., Hysi, P., Spector, T., and Montana, G. (2017). Three-dimensional imaging methods for quantitative analysis of facial soft tissues and skeletal morphology in patients with orofacial clefts: a systematic review. - Many factors such as ancestry, sex, eye/hair color as well as distinctive facial features (such as, shape of the chin, cheeks, eyes, forehead, lips, and nose) can be identified or estimated using an individuals genetic data, with potential applications in healthcare and forensics. These are interesting answers. I am not sure if I can add anything or not, but I think there are a couple of areas that should be addressed. First, B., Manyama, M., Larson, J. R., Liberton, D. K., Ferrara, T. M., Riccardi, S. L., et al. 468, 959969. (2018). (2010). Simultaneous advances in genotyping technology have enabled the exploration of genetic influences on facial phenotypes, both in the present day and across human history. Similarly, epigenetic processes may mediate the effects of germline genetic variation. 115, 561597. The timing, vectors and duration of surges in facial growth tend to be different for males and females and between populations contributing to overall facial variation (Kau et al., 2010; Hopman et al., 2014; Richmond R.C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250, Evans, D. M. (2018). WebScottish vs. Irish. Mol. (2017). Aesthetic. (2013). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002910, Djordjevic, J., Zhurov, A. I., and Richmond, S. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.003, Keating, B., Bansal, A. T., Walsh, S., Millman, J., Newman, J., Kidd, K., et al. Robot 3, 97110. Genet. Int. Natl. 415, 171187. PLoS One 10:e0118355. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. louiseber 5 yr. ago. Genome-wide association study of sexual maturation in males and females highlights a role for body mass and menarche loci in male puberty. Rare Mendelian mutations, low frequency segregating variants, copy number variants and common variants contribute to complex phenotypes. From the moment of conception, the parental environment can influence the development of the fetus. Nat. Some of these early factors such as nictotine and alcohol may potentially influence on early neurological development (Wickstrm, 2007). eds G. J. Huang, R. S., K.W.L. Two-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization: a strategy for establishing the causal role of epigenetic processes in pathways to disease. A genome-wide association study identifies five loci influencing facial morphology in Europeans. Biol. (2018b). (2018). Abbas, H., Hicks, Y., Marshall, D., Zhurov, A. I., and Richmond, S. (2018). Post-natally, facial growth tends to follow general somatic growth with periods of steady increments in size interspersed with periods of rapid growth with the peak growth occurring at puberty (Tanner et al., 1966a,b; Bhatia et al., 1979; Kau and Richmond, 2008; Richmond et al., 2009; Richmond S. et al., 2018). (2014). 132, 771781. Associations of mandibular and facial asymmetriesa review. Ashique, A. M., Fu, K., and Richman, J. M. (2002). Transgenerational epigenetics and brain disorders. 2. January 21, 2022 scottish vs irish facial featurescan gradescope tell if you screenshot. The Argyle has fewer buttons and is suitable for daytime and evening use. Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data. Keywords: 3D imaging, admixture, ancestry, facial variation, geometric morphometrics, facial genetics, facial phenotyping, genetic-environmental influences, Citation: Richmond S, Howe LJ, Lewis S, Stergiakouli E and Zhurov A (2018) Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview. Recognizable features of the human face develop around the 4th week of gestation and are closely related to cranial neural crest cells (Marcucio et al., 2015). The faces are narrow, you might say hollow. Int. Lond. So far, all GWAS studies have studied the static face but capturing the face during simple facial actions in a population (dynamic movement with or without speech) will enable the exploration of combined neurological and morphological features by assessing both speed and range of movement. Oral Radiol. PLoS Genet. However, there is a limited amount of evidence that epigenetic inheritance may carry over multiple generations (Schmidt and Kornfeld, 2016; Gluckman et al., 2007). Sci. Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences. Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. (2014a). The shade NW10 is very pale. Am. Another even smaller group of Irish people (around 1% of the population) have black hair, light or tan skin, and brown eyes. Sci. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006174, Cole, J. Previous epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have found evidence of differential DNA methylation between cleft cases and controls (Alvizi et al., 2017), as well as between the different orofacial cleft subtypes (Sharp et al., 2017) implicating the relevance of DNA methylation in craniofacial development. doi: 10.1126/science.aag0776, Fink, B., and Penton-Voak, I. Previous studies have identified genes associated with both nsCL/P and facial phenotypes; such as variation in MAFB which is associated with face width in normal variation (Beaty et al., 2010, 2013; Boehringer et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2013; Shaffer et al., 2016). A genetic atlas of human admixture history. Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. Int. There is no one answer to this question as everyone has their own unique facial features. J. Med. Vig (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell). Top. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181577b1b, Hallgrimsson, B., Mio, W., Marcucio, R. S., and Spritz, R. (2014). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1708207114, Danescu, A., Mattson, M., Dool, C., Diewert, V. M., and Richman, J. M. (2015). Contrastingly, previous estimates suggest that antero-posterior face height, mandibular body length, ramus height, upper vermillion height, nasal width and maxillary protrusion are more strongly influenced by environmental factors (Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2016; Sidlauskas et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). (2007). Arch. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that self-perceived and genetically inferred ancestry are associated with facial morphology, particularly with regards to the shape of the nose (Dawei et al., 1997; Le et al., 2002; Farkas et al., 2005; Claes et al., 2014). Your dinner is not The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA: introduction and forensic developmental validation. doi: 10.1038/ng.2383, Mossey, P. A., Little, J., Munger, R. G., Dixon, M. J., and Shaw, W. C. (2009). J. Orthod. Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00190, Freund, M. K., Burch, K., Shi, H., Mancuso, N., Kichaev, G., Garske, K. M., et al. Sci. N. Sharman (London: BBC One, BBC), 2 minutes. Nat. If you watched at least one episode of Father Ted, you may already have an understanding of the Irish and our affinity for this beverage. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.017, Verdonck, A., Gaethofs, M., Carels, C., and de Zegher, F. (1999). doi: 10.1111/joa.12182, Mirghani, H., Osman, N., Dhanasekaran, S., Elbiss, H. M., and Bekdache, G. (2015). doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg070, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501, Howe, L. J., Richardson, T. G., Arathimos, R., Alvizi, L., Passos-Bueno, M.-R., Stanier, P., et al. Sci. 6:737. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00737, Bird, A. Different genetic models, genotyping and imputation techniques have been employed and the between-study heterogeneity should be considered. Heredity 105:4. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.54, Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., and Beedle, A. S. (2007). Bioessays 29, 145154. Differential methylation is associated with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate and contributes to penetrance effects. 26, 6469.